🔹 1. Good Test का Essential Qualities
👉 एउटा राम्रो test मा 4 main गुण हुन्छन्:
1. Reliability (विश्वसनीयता)
- Result consistent हुनुपर्छ
- बारम्बार test गर्दा same result आउनु = reliable
👉 Example: आज 70, भोलि पनि 70 → reliable
2. Validity (वैधता)
- Test ले जुन कुरा measure गर्न खोजेको हो, त्यही measure गर्नुपर्छ
👉 Example:
Math test ले math नै measure गर्नुपर्छ (English होइन)
3. Objectivity (निष्पक्षता)
- Checker अनुसार marks फरक नपर्नु
- Same answer = same marks
4. Usability (प्रयोगशीलता)
- Test easy, practical, cheap, time-saving हुनुपर्छ
🔹 2. Methods of Estimating Reliability
1. Test-Retest Method
- एउटै test दुई पटक लिने
- result compare गर्ने
👉 measures: stability
✔️ Advantage: simple
❌ Disadvantage: memory effect, time gap problem
2. Parallel Form Method
- दुई different तर same level test दिने
- score compare गर्ने
👉 measures: equivalence
✔️ Advantage: no repetition
❌ Disadvantage: बनाउन गाह्रो
3. Split-Half Method
- एउटै test लाई 2 भाग (odd-even) मा divide गर्ने
- दुबै score compare
👉 measures: internal consistency
✔️ Advantage: easy
❌ Disadvantage: perfect division गाह्रो
4. Kuder-Richardson (KR-20, KR-21)
- statistical method (objective test मा use हुन्छ)
- items बीचको consistency check
👉 measures: internal consistency
🔹 3. Types of Validity
1. Content Validity
- syllabus / content सबै cover भएको छ कि छैन
👉 Example: सबै chapter बाट question आएको छ
2. Criterion Validity
(a) Predictive Validity
- present score → future performance predict
👉 Example: entrance exam → future result
(b) Concurrent Validity
- दुई test को same time मा comparison
👉 Example: school vs district result
3. Construct Validity
- psychological traits measure गर्ने
👉 Example:
- intelligence
- personality
- attitude
🎯 Super Short Revision Trick
👉 Good Test = RVOU
- R = Reliability
- V = Validity
- O = Objectivity
- U = Usability
👉 Reliability Methods = TPSK
- T = Test-retest
- P = Parallel
- S = Split-half
- K = Kuder-Richardson
👉 Validity Types = CCC
- Content
- Criterion (Predictive + Concurrent)
- Construct
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