1. Measurement
Meaning: Assigning numbers to things according to rules.
Example: A student gets 40 out of 50 marks in math.
2. Evaluation
Meaning: Making value judgment about learning using data.
Example: Deciding a student is “good” or “average” based on marks.
3. Assessment
Meaning: Process of collecting and interpreting student performance.
Example: Checking homework and classwork regularly.
4. Testing
Meaning: Using a set of questions to measure knowledge or skill.
Example: Final exam paper.
5. Rubric
Meaning: Scoring guideline for marking student work.
Example: Criteria used to mark essay writing.
6. Validity
Meaning: Test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Example: Math test contains only math questions.
7. Content Validity
Meaning: Test covers full syllabus properly.
Example: Exam includes all chapters of science.
8. Reliability
Meaning: Consistency of test results.
Example: Same student gets similar marks in repeated tests.
9. Test-Retest Method
Meaning: Checking reliability by giving same test twice.
Example: Same exam given after 1 week.
10. Parallel Form Method
Meaning: Using two equivalent tests to check reliability.
Example: Two similar math papers.
11. Formative Evaluation
Meaning: Continuous evaluation to improve learning.
Example: Class quiz and homework.
12. Summative Evaluation
Meaning: Final evaluation to judge overall achievement.
Example: Final board exam.
13. Diagnostic Evaluation
Meaning: Identifies learning problems.
Example: Test showing weakness in fractions.
14. Placement Evaluation
Meaning: Used to place students in correct level.
Example: Entrance test for class grouping.
15. CAS (Continuous Assessment System)
Meaning: Regular evaluation during learning process.
Example: Homework, classwork, observation.
16. Cognitive Domain
Meaning: Mental learning like thinking and understanding.
Example: Solving math problems.
17. Affective Domain
Meaning: Emotions, attitude, values.
Example: Respecting teacher.
18. Psychomotor Domain
Meaning: Physical skills and actions.
Example: Writing, sports activities.
19. Knowledge Level
Meaning: Remembering facts.
Example: Define photosynthesis.
20. Comprehension
Meaning: Understanding meaning.
Example: Explain photosynthesis.
21. Application
Meaning: Using knowledge in new situation.
Example: Solve a math problem.
22. Analysis
Meaning: Breaking into parts.
Example: Compare two theories.
23. Synthesis
Meaning: Creating new ideas.
Example: Designing an experiment.
24. Evaluation (Cognitive level)
Meaning: Judging value of something.
Example: Criticize a solution.
25. Teacher-Made Test
Meaning: Test prepared by teacher for classroom use.
Example: Unit test in school.
26. Objective Type Test
Meaning: Test with fixed correct answers.
Example: MCQs.
27. Essay Type Test
Meaning: Open-ended writing test.
Example: “Explain climate change.”
28. Mean
Meaning: Average value of data.
Example: Average marks of students.
29. Standard Deviation / Reliability idea (Accuracy)
Meaning: Spread or consistency in scores.
Example: Similar performance shows stability.
30. Continuous Assessment System (CAS Practice)
Meaning: Real classroom application of continuous evaluation.
Example: Observation + assignments + tests.
31. Objectivity
Meaning: Fair scoring without personal bias.
Example: Same answer gets same marks from any teacher.
32. Discriminating Power
Meaning: Ability of test to separate good and weak students.
Example: Hard questions identify top students clearly.
33. Comprehensiveness
Meaning: Covering all parts of syllabus.
Example: Exam includes all units of textbook.
34. Clarity of Instructions
Meaning: Clear directions in test paper.
Example: “Answer any five questions” is clearly written.
35. Practicality (Usability)
Meaning: Easy to conduct and score test.
Example: Simple school test without complex setup.
36. Test Administration
Meaning: Proper way of conducting a test.
Example: Distributing papers, invigilation, collecting answers.
37. Instructional Objectives
Meaning: Specific learning goals of teaching.
Example: Students will solve quadratic equations.
38. General Objective
Meaning: Broad learning aim.
Example: Develop mathematical ability.
39. Specific Objective
Meaning: Clear and measurable objective.
Example: Solve 5 algebra problems correctly.
40. Cognitive Domain (Bloom’s Taxonomy Overall)
Meaning: Intellectual learning area.
Example: Thinking and problem solving in exams.
41. Affective Domain
Meaning: Emotional and attitude learning.
Example: Showing honesty in class.
42. Psychomotor Domain
Meaning: Physical skill development.
Example: Drawing diagram neatly.
43. Evaluation System in Nepal
Meaning: Mixed system of CAS + final exam + grading.
Example: Grade 8 uses CAS + terminal exams.
44. Letter Grading System
Meaning: Grades instead of marks.
Example: A+, A, B, C grades.
45. Summative Exam (Board Exam)
Meaning: Final high-stake exam.
Example: SEE exam in Nepal.
46. Internal Assessment
Meaning: School-based evaluation.
Example: Class tests + projects.
47. External Assessment
Meaning: Exam conducted by board.
Example: National board exam.
48. Feedback
Meaning: Information for improvement.
Example: Teacher says “improve writing”.
49. Remedial Teaching
Meaning: Extra help for weak students.
Example: Extra class for math problems.
50. Learning Outcome
Meaning: What students can do after learning.
Example: Students can define validity.
51. Portfolio
Meaning: Collection of student work over time.
Example: Folder of drawings, tests, assignments.
52. Continuous Assessment
Meaning: Regular evaluation during learning.
Example: Weekly quizzes and homework checks.
53. Summative Evaluation Purpose
Meaning: Judging final achievement.
Example: Final exam result for promotion.
54. Formative Evaluation Purpose
Meaning: Improving learning during teaching.
Example: Quiz feedback used to improve study.
55. Diagnostic Test
Meaning: Test to find learning problems.
Example: Identifying weakness in grammar.
56. Achievement Test
Meaning: Test to measure learned knowledge.
Example: End-term exam.
57. Achievement Score
Meaning: Marks obtained in test.
Example: 85 out of 100.
58. Scoring
Meaning: Assigning marks to answers.
Example: Giving 2 marks for correct answer.
59. Essay Type Question
Meaning: Long answer question.
Example: “Explain validity in detail.”
60. Objective Type Question
Meaning: Fixed answer question.
Example: MCQ or true/false.
61. Matching Test
Meaning: Matching two related columns.
Example: Capital cities and countries.
62. Dictation Test
Meaning: Writing what is heard.
Example: Listening and writing words.
63. Observation Method
Meaning: Watching student behavior.
Example: Teacher observes classroom activity.
64. Oral Test
Meaning: Speaking-based test.
Example: Answering questions verbally.
65. Written Test
Meaning: Test done on paper.
Example: Final exam paper.
66. Assessment Tools
Meaning: Methods used to assess students.
Example: Test, quiz, project.
67. Scale (Measurement Scale)
Meaning: System of assigning values.
Example: Grading scale A+, A, B.
68. Inventory
Meaning: Checklist of traits or skills.
Example: Interest inventory of students.
69. Achievement Level
Meaning: Level of performance.
Example: High, medium, low achiever.
70. Learning Style
Meaning: Way student learns best.
Example: Visual or auditory learner.
71. Teacher Role in Assessment
Meaning: Guiding and evaluating students.
Example: Giving feedback and marks.
72. Student Performance
Meaning: How well student performs tasks.
Example: Test score and participation.
73. Measurement Error
Meaning: Mistake in measuring score.
Example: Wrong marking or bias.
74. Accuracy
Meaning: Correctness of measurement.
Example: Fair and correct scoring.
75. Consistency
Meaning: Stability of results.
Example: Same score in repeated test.
76. Validity Types (General)
Meaning: Different forms of validity in testing.
Example: Content validity, predictive validity.
77. Construct Validity
Meaning: Test measures abstract concept properly.
Example: Intelligence test measuring reasoning ability.
78. Predictive Validity
Meaning: Test predicts future performance.
Example: Entrance exam predicting college success.
79. Concurrent Validity
Meaning: Test compared with another current test.
Example: Two exams given same time showing similar results.
80. Curriculum Validity (Content Validity Link)
Meaning: Test matches curriculum content.
Example: Exam based fully on syllabus.
81. Halo Effect
Meaning: One impression affects overall scoring.
Example: Good handwriting gets higher marks.
82. Point (Analytic) Scoring Method
Meaning: Marks given step-by-step.
Example: Essay marked per idea point.
83. Global (Holistic) Scoring Method
Meaning: Overall impression scoring.
Example: Essay graded as whole.
84. Ranking Method
Meaning: Arranging students by performance order.
Example: Best to weakest answer sheets.
85. Standardization of Test
Meaning: Same conditions for all students.
Example: Same time, rules, environment.
86. Instructional Feedback
Meaning: Information to improve learning.
Example: “Revise chapter 3 again.”
87. Learning Difficulty
Meaning: Problem in understanding subject.
Example: Difficulty in fractions.
88. Remedial Teaching Process
Meaning: Extra teaching for weak areas.
Example: Extra class after test.
89. Test Blueprint (Table of Specification)
Meaning: Plan of question distribution.
Example: Marks divided by chapters.
90. Weightage
Meaning: Importance given to topics.
Example: 30% marks from unit 1.
91. Bloom’s Taxonomy
Meaning: Levels of cognitive learning.
Example: Knowledge → Evaluation.
92. Application Level
Meaning: Using knowledge practically.
Example: Solving real math problem.
93. Analysis Level
Meaning: Breaking information.
Example: Compare two systems.
94. Synthesis Level
Meaning: Creating new idea.
Example: Designing project.
95. Evaluation Level (Cognitive)
Meaning: Judging value or quality.
Example: Criticizing solution.
96. Psychomotor Skill
Meaning: Physical skill learning.
Example: Writing neatly.
97. Affective Behavior
Meaning: Emotional behavior learning.
Example: Respecting rules.
98. Internal Evaluation
Meaning: School-based assessment.
Example: Class test marks.
99. External Evaluation
Meaning: Board conducted exam.
Example: SEE exam.
100. Educational Objective
Meaning: Goal of teaching-learning.
Example: Students can solve equations.
101. Achievement Test
Meaning: Test to measure what students have learned.
Example: Final exam in school.
102. Diagnostic Evaluation
Meaning: Identifies learning problems.
Example: Finding weakness in grammar.
103. Placement Evaluation
Meaning: Placing students in suitable level/class.
Example: Entrance test for class grouping.
104. Formative Evaluation (Revisited)
Meaning: Continuous improvement-based assessment.
Example: Weekly quiz with feedback.
105. Summative Evaluation (Revisited)
Meaning: Final judgment of learning.
Example: Board exam result.
106. Continuous Assessment System (CAS)
Meaning: Regular evaluation during learning.
Example: Homework, classwork, observation.
107. CAS Practice in Nepal
Meaning: Implementation in schools.
Example: Grade 1–8 continuous marking system.
108. Student Assessment System in Nepal
Meaning: Mixed system of CAS + exams + grading.
Example: Internal + external evaluation.
109. Letter Grading System
Meaning: Grading instead of marks.
Example: A+, A, B, C system.
110. Grade A Requirement (CAS)
Meaning: High performance level in grading.
Example: 70% or above marks.
111. Test Concept
Meaning: Set of questions to measure ability.
Example: Class exam paper.
112. Measurement Concept
Meaning: Assigning numbers to performance.
Example: 60 marks in science.
113. Evaluation Concept
Meaning: Judging performance using data.
Example: Deciding pass/fail.
114. Assessment Concept
Meaning: Collecting and analyzing student data.
Example: Test + observation + project.
115. Valid Test
Meaning: Measures what it should measure.
Example: Math test for math only.
116. Reliable Test
Meaning: Gives consistent results.
Example: Same score in repeated test.
117. Objective Test
Meaning: Fixed correct answer test.
Example: MCQ.
118. Subjective Test
Meaning: Open-ended answer test.
Example: Essay writing.
119. Essay Test
Meaning: Long answer question test.
Example: Explain education system.
120. MCQ (Multiple Choice Question)
Meaning: Choosing correct answer from options.
Example: a, b, c, d options.
121. Likert Scale
Meaning: Scale used to measure attitudes.
Example: Strongly agree to strongly disagree.
122. Reliability Coefficient
Meaning: Numerical value showing reliability strength.
Example: 0.85 indicates high reliability.
123. Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)
Meaning: Estimate of score error.
Example: Small SEM means accurate test.
124. Norm-Referenced Test
Meaning: Compares student with others.
Example: Ranking in class.
125. Criterion-Referenced Test
Meaning: Measures against fixed standard.
Example: Pass mark 40%.
126. Item Analysis
Meaning: Checking quality of test questions.
Example: Finding difficult MCQ items.
127. Difficulty Index
Meaning: Level of question difficulty.
Example: Easy or hard question rating.
128. Discrimination Index
Meaning: Ability of item to separate students.
Example: High achievers vs low achievers.
129. Distractor
Meaning: Wrong option in MCQ.
Example: Three incorrect choices in MCQ.
130. Table of Specification (Blueprint)
Meaning: Plan of test structure.
Example: Chapter-wise marks distribution.
131. Weightage Distribution
Meaning: Allocation of marks to topics.
Example: Unit 1 = 20 marks.
132. Behavioral Objective
Meaning: Specific observable learning outcome.
Example: Students can list five planets.
133. Learning Outcome
Meaning: Result of learning process.
Example: Student can solve equations.
134. Competency-Based Assessment
Meaning: Assessment based on skills.
Example: Practical skill test.
135. Internal Assessment
Meaning: School-based evaluation.
Example: Class test marks.
136. External Assessment
Meaning: Board-controlled exam.
Example: National examination.
137. Portfolio Assessment
Meaning: Collection of student work.
Example: Assignments folder.
138. Peer Assessment
Meaning: Students assess each other.
Example: Group presentation feedback.
139. Self Assessment
Meaning: Student evaluates own work.
Example: Checking own assignment.
140. Authentic Assessment
Meaning: Real-life task evaluation.
Example: Project or fieldwork.
141. Cognitive Load
Meaning: Amount of mental effort used in learning.
Example: Complex math problem increases load.
142. Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy
Meaning: Updated version of cognitive levels.
Example: Remember → Create.
143. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)
Meaning: Advanced thinking skills.
Example: Analyzing and evaluating solutions.
144. Lower Order Thinking Skills (LOTS)
Meaning: Basic thinking skills.
Example: Remembering facts.
145. Learning Objective
Meaning: Specific goal of lesson.
Example: Students will define validity.
146. Instructional Design
Meaning: Planning teaching process.
Example: Lesson plan structure.
147. Evaluation Criteria
Meaning: Standards used for judgment.
Example: Accuracy, clarity, content.
148. Scoring Rubric Levels
Meaning: Performance levels in rubric.
Example: Excellent, good, average, poor.
149. Assessment Literacy
Meaning: Understanding assessment methods.
Example: Teacher knowing CAS system.
150. Educational Measurement Scale Types
Meaning: Ways of measuring data.
Example: Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio.
151. Equivalence (Test Equivalence)
Meaning: Two tests measuring same ability equally.
Example: Two different math papers with same difficulty.
152. Stability
Meaning: Consistency of test over time.
Example: Same result in repeated test.
153. Objectivity in Scoring
Meaning: Same score by different examiners.
Example: MCQ test scoring.
154. Subjectivity
Meaning: Personal judgment affects scoring.
Example: Essay marking.
155. Achievement Gap
Meaning: Difference in student performance levels.
Example: High vs low performing students.
156. Learning Assessment Cycle
Meaning: Continuous process of assess–feedback–improve.
Example: Test → feedback → improvement.
157. Criterion
Meaning: Standard for judging performance.
Example: 40% pass mark.
158. Norm
Meaning: Average performance of group.
Example: Class average score.
159. Performance Indicator
Meaning: Measure of student performance.
Example: Test score, participation.
160. Evaluation Decision
Meaning: Final judgment based on data.
Example: Pass, fail, grade A.
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